Linux Distributions

There are many ways to run Linux. Most individuals and companies choose a Linux distribution--a flavor of Linux that suits their needs. This chapter provides an overview of a few popular Linux distributions.

Learning Objectives

You should be able to:

  • Identify several popular Linux distributions
  • Choose a Linux distribution for a particular use case

Linux Distributions

A Linux distribution will contain:

  • the Linux kernel (that interfaces with the computer hardware)
  • management tools, and
  • applications.

A distribution targeting office workers might come with spreadsheet and document creation software. A distribution targeting artists might forgo spreadsheets in favor of drawing applications. A distribution that runs web servers might come preinstalled with very little software at all and will likely not have any graphical user interface.

This section describes only a few of the most popular Linux distributions. If you are curious, you can check out a more complete list of Linux distributions here.

RedHat Linux

RedHat was one of the first companies to make money developing and supporting Linux. RedHat Linux is used by many companies, especially in their data centers. RedHat Linux is typically very stable and tested thoroughly. Companies often want to purchase software that is supported by competent engineers, and RedHat Linux fits that bill. In 2019, IBM bought RedHat Linux.

Pros of RedHat Linux:

  • Stable
  • Popular
  • Support

Cons of RedHat Linux:

  • Must purchase a license
  • Not always on the cutting edge

Ubuntu Linux

Canonical Ltd. stewards the Ubuntu Linux operating system. Ubuntu Linux is aimed at desktop users, the data center, and cloud services. Some of their releases provide long-term support, so a company can feel confident it can run the same operating system for a decade and still get security updates.

Pros of Ubuntu Linux

  • Supported by a company
  • Choice between long-term support and faster-moving releases

Cons of Ubuntu Linux

  • Less popular in the data center
  • Canonical makes architectural changes more frequently than RedHat

Kali Linux

Kali Linux is a distribution that comes preinstalled with cybersecurity tools. It can run on lots of different hardware. It is not typically run on servers to do things like serve websites.

Pros of Kali Linux

  • Comes preinstalled with many cybersecurity tools
  • Updated frequently

Cons of Kali Linux

  • The applications included with Kali are always changing
  • Not a good fit for hosting applications in the data center

Exercise: Pick Your Distribution

People are your office have been complaining about their Windows laptops for a long time. Your boss has asked you to look into different Linux distributions to see if they would be a good fit to install on the company's desktop computers. Visit the websites of some of the major Linux distributions and decide whether any of these Linux distributions would be a good fit.

Reflection

  • Why would vendor support matter to a business?
  • What factors would be most important when deciding what technology to adopt in a business?

Key Terms

  • Linux Distribution: A complete operating system based on the Linux kernel, bundled with various software packages, system libraries, and tools. Distributions (distros) are tailored for different use cases and user preferences, providing a ready-to-use environment. Examples include Ubuntu, RedHat, Kali, Fedora, and Debian.
  • Linux Kernel: The core component of the Linux operating system that manages system resources, hardware communication, and system processes. It provides the essential functions required for the operating system to operate and serves as the foundation for all Linux distributions.
  • RedHat Linux: A commercial Linux distribution developed by Red Hat, Inc. It is known for its stability, security, and enterprise support. RedHat Linux has evolved into Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), which is widely used in enterprise environments for servers and workstations.
  • Ubuntu Linux: A popular and user-friendly Linux distribution based on Debian. Developed by Canonical Ltd., Ubuntu is known for its ease of use, regular updates, and strong community support. It is suitable for both desktop and server use and is widely adopted by individuals and organizations.
  • Kali Linux: A Debian-based Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. Developed and maintained by Offensive Security, Kali Linux includes a wide range of security tools and is used by security professionals and ethical hackers for vulnerability assessment and security auditing.